Autores:
Osvaldo Luiz Leal de Moraes

Revista:
International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction

Edição:
Volume 75, 1 June 2022, 102984

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102984

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Autores:
Aurora Miho Yanai1,2 · Paulo Maurício Lima de Alencastro Graça1,3 · Leonardo Guimarães Ziccardi4 · Maria Isabel Sobral Escada5 · Philip Martin Fearnside1,3

Revista:
Regional Environmental Change

Edição:
Received: 6 August 2021 / Accepted: 15 February 2022

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-022-01897-0

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The impact of deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia is a global concern, and land occupation in public lands contributes to increased deforestation rates. Little is known about the spread of deforestation in landholdings in undesignated public lands located on cattle-ranching frontiers. We use a case of Matupi District, a hotspot of deforestation along the Transamazon Highway in the southern portion of Brazil’s state of Amazonas, where spontaneous squatters and land grabbers are the main actors occupying landholdings. We assessed the advance of deforestation and the spatial distribution of landholdings in relation to the main road and to land categories (e.g., protected areas and undesignated public land). Landholdings up to 400 ha were the majority in numbers (52%) and larger landholdings (>400 ha) were located farther into the forest, contributing to expanding the deforestation frontier. By 2018, 80% of the remaining forest was in larger landholdings (>400 ha), increasing the susceptibility of this forest to being cleared in the coming years. Thus, greater attention should be given to these larger landholdings to control the spread of deforestation. By analyzing the clearing pattern in the landholdings, deforestation monitoring can focus on specifc sizes of landholdings that contribute most to the advance of the deforestation frontier. Brazil’s current trend to facilitating the legalization of illegal claims in undesignated public lands, such as the large and medium landholdings we studied, implies vast areas of future deforestation and should be reversed.

Invasões de terras públicas criam novo polos de desmatamento na Amazônia

 A atividade madeireira e a pecuária em grandes áreas de terras públicas não destinadas provocam a expansão das fronteiras do desmatamento na Amazônia. Em estudo inédito publicado na revista Regional Environmental Change, pesquisadores de quatro instituições do Brasil e do Exterior alertam para a falta de monitoramento e de ações do poder público para coibir o avanço do desmatamento ilegal.

A pesquisa foi realizada no distrito de Santo Antônio do Matupi, em Manicoré, localizado às margens da BR-230, a Rodovia Transamazônica, que se tornou um dos grandes polos de desmatamento no sul do estado do Amazonas. Para melhor se analisar a área, os pesquisadores dividiram a região de Matupi em diferentes classes de uso, inclusive terras públicas não destinadas, que são áreas federais ou estaduais para as quais o governo não especificou qualquer uso específico, como terra indígena, unidade de conservação ou assentamento.

“O sul do Amazonas é o palco de um rápido avanço do desmatamento que está saindo do tradicional “arco do desmatamento” e migrando para o norte. A geografia dessa atividade deve mudar radicalmente com a planejada ‘reconstrução’ da Rodovia BR-319 (Manaus-Porto Velho) e a construção da AM-366, que sairia da BR-319 para abrir a vasta área de floresta intacta na parte oeste do Amazonas. Isto abrirá uma enorme área de terras públicas sem destinação para a entrada de grileiros, sem-terras, madeireiras, e outros atores. Os processos estudados no atual trabalho seriam repetidos em grande escala”, explica um dos autores do estudo, Philip Fearnside, do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA).

Na Amazônia brasileira, o aumento da perda florestal está localizado principalmente em novas fronteiras de desmatamento que estão próximas a áreas de pecuária. Em Matupi, por exemplo, os estudos concluíram que os principais desmatadores são os ocupantes de terras com áreas maiores de 400 hectares.

Outro dado observado é que as terras ocupadas por grileiros, posseiros e grandes fazendeiros refletem o baixo nível de monitoramento e governança nesta área do país. De acordo com Philip Fearnside, o “desmatamento ilegal zero” prometido pelo Brasil na COP26 poderia ser alcançado interrompendo o desmatamento, mas, no atual cenário brasileiro, o caminho sendo tomado para cumprir essa meta é a simples legalização do desmatamento ilegal.

“O entendimento dos processos de ocupação e desmatamento nas terras públicas não destinadas é essencial tanto para desenhar melhores abordagens de controle quanto para subsidiar decisões mais acertadas sobre a construção das estradas que deslancham a ocupação e o desmatamento. Os impactos das estradas que abrem essas áreas são muitíssimo maiores do que os Estudos de Impacto Ambiental/Relatórios de Impacto Ambiental e os discursos políticos levam a crer”, destaca Philip Fearnside.

Contato: Philip Martin Fearnside

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA)

philip.fearnside@gmail.com

 

Highlights

 –  Estudo constatou rápido avanço desmatamento no sul do estado do Amazonas em terras públicas não destinadas (“terras devolutas”).

– As áreas mais desmatadas são ocupadas por grileiros, posseiros e fazendeiros em ramais partindo da Rodovia Transamazônica.

– Terras públicas correm alto risco de desmatamento devido à especulação fundiária na região e a ausência de políticas públicas que coíbem a grilagem de terras.

Autores:
Mônica M. C. Muelbert1,2*, Margareth Copertino2,3, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha3,4, Mirtha Noemi Lewis5,6,7, Andrei Polejack8,9, Angelina del Carmen Peña-Puch10 and Evelia Rivera-Arriaga10

Revista:
Frontiers in Climate - Predictions and Projections

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.748344

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Climate Change hazards to social-ecological systems are well-documented and the time to act is now. The IPCC-SROCC used the best available scientific knowledge to identify paths for effective adaptation and mitigation of climate change impacts on the ocean and cryosphere. Despite all the evidence highlighted by SROCC and the key role of the ocean and cryosphere for climate change at all levels, Latin America (LA) faces challenges to take effective action mostly due to socio-economic vulnerability, political instability and overall technical capacities. Countries have adopted diverse actions as the information needed by policy makers has been made available, not necessarily in accessible and inclusive ways. Regional imbalance in economic development, technological level, capacity development, societal involvement, and governmental oversight have contributed to skewed geographical and technological gaps of knowledge on key ecosystems and specific areas preventing effective climate actions/solutions. We analyze the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) from the region as proxies to the incorporation of IPCC recommendations. The gaps and opportunities for the uptake of ocean and climate science to political decision making is discussed as five key aspects: (i) climate assessment information and regional policies, (ii) knowledge production, (iii) knowledge accessibility, (iv) knowledge impact to policy, and (v) long term monitoring for decision making. We advocate that the uptake of SROCC findings in LA policies can be enhanced by: (a) embracing local realities and incorporating local, traditional and indigenous knowledge; (b) empowering locals to convey local knowledge to global assessments and adapt findings to local realities; (c) enhancing regional research capabilities; and (d) securing long-term sustainable ocean observations. Local and regional participation in knowledge production and provision enhances communication pathways, climate literacy and engagement which are key for effective action to be reflected in governance. Currently, the lack of accessible and inclusive information at the local level hampers the overall understanding, integration and engagement of the society to mitigate climate effects, perpetuates regional heterogeneity and threatens the efforts to reverse the course of climate change in LA. Local researchers should be empowered, encouraged, rewarded and better included in global climate-ocean scientific assessments.

Autores:
Bruno Moreira de Carvalhoa Letícia Palazzi Perezb Beatriz Fátima Alves de Oliveirac Ludmilla da Silva Viana Jacobsond Marco Aurélio Hortae Andréa Sobralf Sandra de Souza Hacong

Revista:
Sustainability in Debate / Sustentabilidade em Debate

Edição:
v. 11, n.3, p. 383-404, dez/2020

DOI:
10.18472/SustDeb.v11n3.2020.33985

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Autores:
BEATRIZ FÁTIMA A. DE OLIVEIRA1, ISMAEL HENRIQUE SILVEIRA2, RENATO C. FEITOSA1, MARCO AURÉLIO P. HORTA3, WASHINGTON L. JUNGER2 and SANDRA HACON1

Revista:
Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências

Edição:
Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 91 (03) • 2019

DOI:
10.1590/0001-3765201920180748

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Autores:
Ludmilla da Silva Viana Jacobson; Beatriz Fátima Alves de Oliveira; Rochelle Schneider; Antonio Gasparrini; Sandra de Souza Hacon

Revista:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Edição:
2021, 18, 5550.

DOI:
doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115550

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Autores:
Ludmilla da Silva Viana Jacobsona Beatriz Fátima Alves de Oliveirab Letícia Palazzi Perezc Sandra de Souza Hacond

Revista:
Sustainability in Debate

Edição:
v. 11, n.3, p. 331-345, dez/2020

DOI:
10.18472/SustDeb.v11n3.2020.33989

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Autores:
MANES, S. ; Costello, M. J. ; Beckett, H. ; Debnath, A. ; Devenish-Nelson, E. ; Grey, K. ; Jenkins, R. ; Khan, T. M. ; Kiessling, W. ; Krause, C. ; Maharaj, S. S. ; Midgley, G. F. ; Price, J. ; Talukdar, G. ; VALE, M. M

Revista:
BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION

Edição:
Volume 257, May 2021, 109070

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109070Get rights and content

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Climate change affects life at global scales and across systems but is of special concern in areas that are disproportionately rich in biological diversity and uniqueness. Using a meta-analytical approach, we analysed >8000 risk projections of the projected impact of climate change on 273 areas of exceptional biodiversity, including terrestrial and marine environments. We found that climate change is projected to negatively impact all assessed areas, but endemic species are consistently more adversely impacted. Terrestrial endemics are projected to be 2.7 and 10 times more impacted than non-endemic natives and introduced species respectively, the latter being overall unaffected by climate change. We defined a high risk of extinction as a loss of >80% due to climate change alone. Of endemic species, 34% and 46% in terrestrial and marine ecosystems, and 100% and 84% of island and mountain species were projected to face high extinction risk respectively. A doubling of warming is projected to disproportionately increase extinction risks for endemic and non-endemic native species. Thus, reducing extinction risks requires both adaptation responses in biodiversity rich-spots and enhanced climate change mitigation.

Autores:
VALE, M. M.; LIMA-RIBEIRO, MATHEUS DE S. ; ROCHA, TAINÁ

Revista:
Biodiversity Informatics

Edição:
v. 16, p. 28-38, 2021.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.06.442941

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Land-use land-cover (LULC) data are important predictors of species occurrence and biodiversity threat. Although there are LULC datasets available for ecologists under current conditions, there is a lack of such data under historical and future climatic conditions. This hinders, for example, projecting niche and distribution models under global change scenarios at different times. The Land Use Harmonization Project (LUH2) is a global terrestrial dataset at 0.25° spatial resolution that provides LULC data from 850 to 2300 for 12 LULC state classes. The dataset, however, is compressed in a file format (NetCDF) that is incompatible with most ecological analysis and intractable for most ecologists. Here we selected and transformed the LUH2 data in order to make it more useful for ecological studies. We provide LULC for every year from 850 to 2100, with data from 2015 on provided under two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP2 and SSP5). We provide two types of file for each year: separate files with continuous values for each of the 12 LULC state classes, and a single categorical file with all state classes combined. To create the categorical layer, we assigned the state with the highest value in a given pixel among the 12 continuous data. The final dataset provides LULC data for 1251 years that will be of interest for macroecology, ecological niche modeling, global change analysis, and other applications in ecology and conservation. We also provide a description of LUH2 prediction of future LULC change through time.

Autores:
ALEXANDRE F. DINIZ-FILHO, JOSÉ ; SOUZA, KELLY S. ; BINI, LUIS M. ; LOYOLA, RAFAEL ; DOBROVOLSKI, RICARDO ; RODRIGUES, FABRICIO ; LIMA-RIBEIRO, MATHEUS DE S. ; TERRIBILE, LEVI C. ; RANGEL, THIAGO F. ; BIONE, IGOR ; FREITAS, RONIEL ; MACHADO, IBERÊ F. ; ROCHA, TAINÁ ; LORINI, MARIA L. ; VALE, MARIANA M. ; NAVAS, CARLOS A. ; MACIEL, NATAN M. ; VILLALOBOS, FABRICIO ; OLALLA-TARRAGA, MIGUEL A. ; GOUVEIA, SIDNEY

Revista:
ECOGRAPHY

Edição:
31 January 2019

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.04264

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Despite the widespread use of ecological niche models (ENMs) for predicting the responses of species to climate change, these models do not explicitly incorporate any population-level mechanism. On the other hand, mechanistic models adding population processes (e.g. biotic interactions, dispersal and adaptive potential to abiotic conditions) are much more complex and difficult to parameterize, especially if the goal is to predict range shifts for many species simultaneously. In particular, the adaptive potential (based on genetic adaptations, phenotypic plasticity and behavioral adjustments for physiological responses) of local populations has been a less studied mechanism affecting species’ responses to climatic change so far. Here, we discuss and apply an alternative macroecological framework to evaluate the potential role of evolutionary rescue under climate change based on ENMs. We begin by reviewing eco-evolutionary models that evaluate the maximum sustainable evolutionary rate under a scenario of environmental change, showing how they can be used to understand the impact of temperature change on a Neotropical anuran species, the Schneider’s toad Rhinella diptycha. Then we show how to evaluate spatial patterns of species’ geographic range shift using such models, by estimating evolutionary rates at the trailing edge of species distribution estimated by ENMs and by recalculating the relative amount of total range loss under climate change. We show how different models can reduce the expected range loss predicted for the studied species by potential ecophysiological adaptations in some regions of the trailing edge predicted by ENMs. For general applications, we believe that parameters for large numbers of species and populations can be obtained from macroecological generalizations (e.g. allometric equations and ecogeographical rules), so our framework coupling ENMs with eco-evolutionary models can be applied to achieve a more accurate picture of potential impacts from climate change and other threats to biodiversity.

Autores:
BRAZ, ALAN GERHARDT ; Lorini, Maria Lucia ; VALE, MARIANA MONCASSIM

Revista:
DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS

Edição:
11 December 2018

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12872

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Parapatric distributional patterns can arise from abiotic or biotic factors, or from dispersal barriers. Climate change can potentially affect parapatry by changing species’ potential geographic distribution, and thereby widening or shrinking contact zones. Here, we study the effects of climate change on all six species in the genus Callithrix, a group of small-sized Neotropical primates that is distributed parapatrically in eastern Brazil, allegedly due to biotic interactions.

Autores:
BRANDÃO, F.; SCHONEVELD, G.; PACHECO, P.; VIEIRA, I.; PIRAUX, M.; MOTA, D

Revista:
World Development

Edição:
v. 139, 2021.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105268

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Due to its controversies, oil palm cultivation has been targeted by regulatory innovations. Among these, transnational efforts—such as the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) and corporate commitments to zero deforestation have been highly influential but often tend to overvalue environmental over socio-economic outcomes. This article discusses to what extent domestic governance models of palm oil producing countries can be better equipped to reconcile domestic demands such as economic development and poverty alleviation, and transnational concerns about forest conservation. We do so by looking into the Brazilian case, where the government intended to drive oil palm expansion in the Amazon through a program launched in 2010 that simultaneously only allowed expansion into already deforested areas and offered companies incentives to engage smallholder farmers in their supply chains. Our findings, drawn from primary research activities and existing literature, indicate that Brazil has managed to avoid deforestation typically associated with oil palm expansion elsewhere. Oil palm establishment involved the conversion of 0.8% and 1.3% of primary forests for corporate and smallholder plantations, respectively. However, the Brazilian government did not manage to optimally enhance smallholder participation in the sector, as significant differences in performance were observed between farmers, ranging from very successful (17%) to highly unsuccessful (12%); and failed to achieve sectoral development and competitiveness targets. While some failings can be attributed to external factors such as context, broader domestic governance frameworks and alignments, and private supply chain initiatives, the program itself did not manage to reconcile social, environmental and economic objectives into a single coherent sectoral governance model. Yet, this case study suggests that domestic governance strategies can enable commodity production in a way that is more coherent with national priorities, at the same time as preventing deforestation and minimizing social risks more effectively